“Illegal fishing has negative impacts which are biological, environmental, economic and social,” Michele Kuruc, a fisheries expert at FAO, told IRIN via email.
“Much of the world’s fish are harvested from developing countries. In many cases fisheries management regimes - monitoring, control and surveillance systems, enforcement and compliance - are not sufficient in these places, making the fish stocks and communities which depend on them vulnerable.”
Illegal fishing and competition over dwindling resources from large-scale fishing vessels, including those operated by foreign companies without authorization, is one of the major problems facing small-scale fisheries in developing countries.
Small-scale fisheries directly affect the lives of about 357 million people. More than 90 percent of the world’s fishermen play a huge role in improving food security and alleviating poverty, particularly in developing countries, says The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012 (SOFIA) the flagship FAO report on the industry.
A joint study by FAO, WorldFish Centre and World Bank, released in 2012, found that more than half (54 percent) of capture fisheries production in marine and inland waters (excluding aquaculture) was contributed by small-scale fisheries.
Overexploitation
Overfishing - also an effect of illegal fishing - in their home waters has affected a large number of small fishing communities.
Top 5 African producers of bred fish in 2010 |
Egypt |
Nigeria |
Uganda |
Kenya |
Zambia |
“Overexploitation not only causes negative ecological consequences, but it also reduces fish production, which leads to negative social and economic consequences,” the report notes. “To increase the contribution of marine fisheries to the food security, economies and the well-being of coastal communities, effective management plans must be put in place to rebuild overexploited stocks,” the authors suggest.
Countries have taken various steps to reduce overfishing, including limiting fleet sizes, reducing the number of fishing days, discouraging or prohibiting damaging fishing practices, introducing harvesting quota systems, and reserving inshore areas for exclusive use by small-scale fishing craft and gear.
Top 5 Asian producers of bred fish in 2010 |
China |
India |
Vietnam |
Indonesia |
Bangladesh |
“Considerable success has been possible in countries like the Philippines, where municipal waters are reserved for small-scale fisheries and government is promoting co-management arrangements between local government entities, civil society organizations and fishing communities. In small island states in the Pacific, many successful examples can be found of local level management of small-scale fisheries drawing on customary rights and traditions.”
Secure fishing rights
The report’s authors also suggest that more secure access and tenure rights for poor communities over their fishing grounds, in line with the recently adopted Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security, would help alleviate some of the problems.
“Guiding principles and good practices for securing sustainable small-scale fisheries will be contained in a set of international guidelines that FAO is currently developing through a wide-ranging multi-stakeholder consultation process with governments, civil society organizations, fish-workers’ organizations and academia,” she said.
The SOFIA 2012 report reveals that a record 128 million tons of fish for human consumption was produced in 2010 - an average of 18.4kg per person - providing more than 4.3 billion people with about 15 percent of their animal protein intake.
While Asia accounted for two-thirds of the total consumption (85.4 million tons, 20.7kg per capita), people in Africa consumed the least amount of fish (9.1 million tons, 9.1 kg per capita). In some important fish producing countries like South Africa, Congo, Gabon and Malawi, fish consumption has remained static or declined.
The main reason for the decline in per capita fish consumption in some sub-Saharan countries is because production has not kept pace with population growth, said Stefania Vannuccini, an expert at FAO.
The economic slowdown in 2009 has also affected African imports of fish and fishery products, but the global fish trade is showing signs of a rebound. But fish prices have been climbing since the beginning of 2012, and the rising costs of energy and fish feed will keep them high.
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This article was produced by IRIN News while it was part of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Please send queries on copyright or liability to the UN. For more information: https://shop.un.org/rights-permissions