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When is water safe?

There are little hand-washing facilities in latrines at schools in Afghanistan Masooma Mohammadi/IRIN
There are little hand-washing facilities in latrines at schools in Afghanistan
Diarrhoea- inducing waterborne microbes often go undetected in parts of the world with the highest rate of under-five deaths from gastrointestinal infection.

According to the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), lack of water safety regulations, inter-ministerial coordination and surveillance can paint a deceptively benign portrait of water quality.

"There are different interpretations of water safety among the line ministries [working on water issues], which makes it hard to draw a conclusion about water quality," Rolf Luyendijk, senior statistician for water and sanitation at UNICEF, told IRIN.

Taps, boreholes, covered wells or springs, as well as rainwater, are considered "improved" and “safe” water sources but they do not guarantee safe drinking water, he said.

"Water from a dug well may not meet microbiological standards and may still be deadly," he told IRIN.

Piped water came close

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), contaminated water contributes to more than two million deaths from diarrhoea each year, plus millions of other cases of waterborne diseases.

In 2004, UNICEF and WHO piloted rapid water assessments in Bangladesh, China, Ethiopia, India, Jordan, Nicaragua, Nigeria and Tajikistan, which showed that only piped came close to meeting international guidelines. Other water sources labelled as "improved" were about half-way compliant with the international guidelines.

Luyendijk told IRIN ministries working on water and sanitation need to improve data coordination and water quality surveillance to find out if investments are reaching the neediest.

"There is an enormous amount of money invested in boosting access [to safe water and sanitation] and those improvements have not reached the poorest quintile [20 percent]," he said.

While 84 percent of people living in low-income countries are reported to use improved water sources, eight out of 10 people without access live in rural areas, according to the latest WHO-UNICEF report on water and sanitation coverage.

Water safety plans

Luyendijk cautioned that data should never lead to complacence, citing Uganda as an example.

Conventions on clean water
 Right to Water of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
 1997 Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses
 Agenda 21, Protection of the Quality and Supply of Freshwater Resources: Application of Integrated Approaches to the Development, Management and Use of Water Resources
"The country has made tremendous improvements, boosting coverage [to improved water sources] in rural areas from 40 to 60 percent between 1990 and 2006. But in absolute numbers, [because of population growth] there are 500,000 more people [in rural areas] without access to safe drinking water,” he said. “Relative improvements do not do away with absolute suffering. There is always more we can do. "

WHO recommends countries develop water safety plans and regulatory agencies to ensure not only safe water access but also water safety.

The UN Millennium Development Goal for water requires the reduction by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water  and basic sanitation by  2015 but there are no binding global agreements on water safety. WHO has issued guidelines, which governments are encouraged to apply based on their means.

"What good is data without action?" said Luyendijk. "We monitor for action. To know is to act upon... People cannot live without water. But they can also die because of it."

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This article was produced by IRIN News while it was part of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Please send queries on copyright or liability to the UN. For more information: https://shop.un.org/rights-permissions

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