Weeks of flood threats during one of Thailand's most destructive monsoon seasons on record have given residents in the capital of more than eight million people time to prepare for the worst.
But that extra time also allows for uncertainty, mixed messages, and "warning fatigue", complicating how well people prepare and, ultimately, how many lives and livelihoods are spared, say disaster workers and researchers.
"It's partially denial, it's partially the information, it's partially not knowing what information to believe," said Jerry Velasquez, senior regional coordinator for the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) Asia Pacific. He likened the run-off from flooding in the north winding southwards to a "slow tsunami".
When the government first reported potential flooding in parts of Bangkok in early October, some residents built flood walls. Others did little more than stock up on bottled water. When warnings escalated to include all 50 city districts, thousands packed bus terminals to leave the city, while others ignored the evacuation calls.
How people decide whether, how and when they prepare for a disaster is complicated, and in a slowly unfolding one such as in Bangkok, it is often made amid uncertainty and conflicting messages, said Douglas Paton, a psychology professor at Australia's University of Tasmania.
"Nobody can say a flood with this amount of water will reach this suburb at 3:47pm and at a height of 1.2m," he said. "Things are much more vague."
Anxiety fatigue
Warnings generally stoke anxiety that cause people to act, Paton said. But weeks of alarm-raising without any calamity can cause distrust. "That anxiety means we take an instant dislike to the people who have created this bad feeling," he explained.
People tend to give more weight to positive messages, particularly when predictions prove inaccurate and their personal experiences do not give them reason to fear, Paton said.
Residents in Bangkok have received numerous warnings from the national government through its flood relief operation centre and the city's metropolitan authority, which have each issued varying predictions of flood damage.
Central Bangkok was mostly dry during the recent high-risk period, but surrounding areas have been submerged in run-off water from the north that is testing the city's dams and waterways. Most of Thailand has been affected in this year's monsoon, with 26 of the country's 76 provinces still flooded, and more than 100,000 people displaced.
Saranya Sonthiratana, 44, lives 25km north of central Bangkok in Nonthaburi Province, where stretches of homes sit in 1m of water. The threat had been abstract - until her pipes burst.
"I do not live near a canal or the [Chao Phraya] river, so when we got the government order to evacuate, I had one day's notice to get out," she said. "I did not know my pipes could burst from the pressure."
Ensuring people remain vigilant under a drawn-out threat is a challenge, said Matthew Cochrane, communications and advocacy manager for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) Asia Pacific region.
Officials risk creating undue panic or becoming "the boy who cried wolf", Cochrane said. With rapid-onset disasters, by comparison, officials can be more declarative about what needs to be done, he said.
"It's a fine line between keeping people aware, and agitated to an extent, but not so overwhelmed or underwhelmed that you create confusion or prove yourself worthless," he said. "It's a very difficult balance, and it's very difficult to get it right."
One message
Agencies should reduce conflicting messages, especially when there is more time to sow confusion, said crisis communication practitioners and researchers.
But warnings alone are not enough to get people to act. "People don't really need to have the information," said Cochrane from IFRC. "They need to have the ability to act on the information."
Approaches that ask people to consider how a risk might personally affect them are important for increasing levels of preparedness, Paton said. Not only does this process help people better understand otherwise abstract warnings, but it also allows for a shared understanding to form so that communities can work together to prepare.
Such engagement ideally happens ahead of an existing threat, but even without much time, "risk communication should be a partnership between experts and the people", he said.
"We start with people themselves," Paton said, "rather than making assumptions that telling people about a threat will get them to take action."
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But that extra time also allows for uncertainty, mixed messages, and "warning fatigue", complicating how well people prepare and, ultimately, how many lives and livelihoods are spared, say disaster workers and researchers.
"It's partially denial, it's partially the information, it's partially not knowing what information to believe," said Jerry Velasquez, senior regional coordinator for the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) Asia Pacific. He likened the run-off from flooding in the north winding southwards to a "slow tsunami".
When the government first reported potential flooding in parts of Bangkok in early October, some residents built flood walls. Others did little more than stock up on bottled water. When warnings escalated to include all 50 city districts, thousands packed bus terminals to leave the city, while others ignored the evacuation calls.
How people decide whether, how and when they prepare for a disaster is complicated, and in a slowly unfolding one such as in Bangkok, it is often made amid uncertainty and conflicting messages, said Douglas Paton, a psychology professor at Australia's University of Tasmania.
"Nobody can say a flood with this amount of water will reach this suburb at 3:47pm and at a height of 1.2m," he said. "Things are much more vague."
Anxiety fatigue
Warnings generally stoke anxiety that cause people to act, Paton said. But weeks of alarm-raising without any calamity can cause distrust. "That anxiety means we take an instant dislike to the people who have created this bad feeling," he explained.
People tend to give more weight to positive messages, particularly when predictions prove inaccurate and their personal experiences do not give them reason to fear, Paton said.
Residents in Bangkok have received numerous warnings from the national government through its flood relief operation centre and the city's metropolitan authority, which have each issued varying predictions of flood damage.
Central Bangkok was mostly dry during the recent high-risk period, but surrounding areas have been submerged in run-off water from the north that is testing the city's dams and waterways. Most of Thailand has been affected in this year's monsoon, with 26 of the country's 76 provinces still flooded, and more than 100,000 people displaced.
Saranya Sonthiratana, 44, lives 25km north of central Bangkok in Nonthaburi Province, where stretches of homes sit in 1m of water. The threat had been abstract - until her pipes burst.
 Photo: Shermaine Ho/IRIN |
| Panic buying empties shelves amidst flood warnings |
Ensuring people remain vigilant under a drawn-out threat is a challenge, said Matthew Cochrane, communications and advocacy manager for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) Asia Pacific region.
Officials risk creating undue panic or becoming "the boy who cried wolf", Cochrane said. With rapid-onset disasters, by comparison, officials can be more declarative about what needs to be done, he said.
"It's a fine line between keeping people aware, and agitated to an extent, but not so overwhelmed or underwhelmed that you create confusion or prove yourself worthless," he said. "It's a very difficult balance, and it's very difficult to get it right."
One message
Agencies should reduce conflicting messages, especially when there is more time to sow confusion, said crisis communication practitioners and researchers.
But warnings alone are not enough to get people to act. "People don't really need to have the information," said Cochrane from IFRC. "They need to have the ability to act on the information."
Approaches that ask people to consider how a risk might personally affect them are important for increasing levels of preparedness, Paton said. Not only does this process help people better understand otherwise abstract warnings, but it also allows for a shared understanding to form so that communities can work together to prepare.
Such engagement ideally happens ahead of an existing threat, but even without much time, "risk communication should be a partnership between experts and the people", he said.
"We start with people themselves," Paton said, "rather than making assumptions that telling people about a threat will get them to take action."
es/pt/mw
This article was produced by IRIN News while it was part of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Please send queries on copyright or liability to the UN. For more information: https://shop.un.org/rights-permissions
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