Donors hope spirulina, a blue-green, protein-packed algae, labelled a "wonderful future food source" 45 years ago by the International Association of Microbiology, will deliver on its promise by the time a US$1.7 million cultivation project in Chad, funded by the European Union (EU), ends in December 2010.
"It's as close as we will get to a miracle food," said Mahamat Sorto, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) officer managing the project. Aid agencies see the plant as a possible cheap solution to global malnutrition.
Health food stores in rich countries have promoted spirulina as an energy-enhancing supplement, but it has been eaten for centuries in various parts of the world.
The plant's dry weight contains up to 70 percent of protein matter, based on chemical analyses from the French Oil Institute, university research laboratories in Malaysia and Bangladesh, and the Siam Algae company, a Thai commercial group.
A 2008 FAO position paper on spirulina reads like a commercial brochure: "An easily digestible high (c. 60 percent) protein product with high levels of B-carotene, vitamin B12, iron and trace minerals, and the rare essential fatty acid y-linolenic acid [also called gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), or omega-6]".
FAO noted that spirulina cultivation had "a small environmental footprint" with low water needs, production could take place in salty conditions that would kill other crops, and there were no "obvious negative cultural or religious issues associated with its consumption".
One drawback. In Chad's northern Kanem region, spirulina grower Hereta Taher told IRIN that some people found the taste jarring. "It might seem bitter at first, but you get used to it."
So why is it not spilling out of market stalls, distributed in nutrition therapy centres instead of Plumpy'nut and feeding people in the planting season, when the previous harvest's food stocks have been depleted?
"Lack of political interest," said Alessandro Manini, secretary general of the Italy-based group, "Convention for the use of food micro-algae, intergovernmental institutional spirulina programme", which promotes using the algae to combat malnutrition.
The group was established by two international agreements recognized in the UN treaty series, and discounts sceptics who question the viability of spirulina as a large-scale emergency intervention in nutrition crises. "Nutritionists' [criticisms] are based mainly on peer-reviewed literature and not on practical expertise or field demonstrations," Manini told IRIN.
A review of seven studies on the impact of spirulina supplements on malnourished children, by researchers at the national hospital in Niamey, capital of Niger, was published in December 2008 in the French medical journal, Revue d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (Epidemiology Review and Public Health).
The review concluded that although spirulina had a positive impact on the children's weight, the studies were methodologically poor and had included too few people. The authors called for a larger "double-blind controlled clinical trial" - where neither the patients nor the researchers knew which patients were given spirulina - and longer follow-up period.
Chad
"It is a miracle," said Ousmane Issa Mara, village chief of Barkadressou in the north of Kanem region, pointing to the rain-fed oasis where spirulina typically grows. "It gives you energy. After eating spirulina cakes, our sub-prefect did not have any more health problems. It restores appetite to children who lose it." Barkadressou is one of 14 EU-funded sites growing spirulina near Lake Chad and in the Kanem region.
Almost one in five children measured by height, weight and arm circumference in November 2009 by Action Against Hunger, an NGO working in the region, were acutely malnourished. The governor, Djari Ngamai, told IRIN that conditions in northern Kanem, 300km north of Mao, the regional capital, were the most arid in the area.
"It is lamentable how dry and barren the area is. It borders the northern BET [Borkou, Ennedi, Tibesti] regions and shares the same agricultural conditions and difficulties."
There were 1,581 women across the country participating in the EU spirulina cultivation project, and hundreds of women in Barkadressou had been packaging spirulina as dried cakes to sell to people who drove up to six hours by car from the capital to buy it.
Village chief Mara told IRIN that Barkadressou needed a motorised pump to boost irrigation because a drought in 2009 had halted the local spirulina cottage industry. Each family sold up to 100kg in the annual harvest and the income was critical.
Production
China and India are among the top commercial producers of spirulina, with China's production doubling from 19,000 tons in 2003 to 41,570 tons in 2004, according to FAO.
A lack of global production statistics suggests that spirulina "has not yet received the serious consideration it deserves as a potentially key crop in costal and alkaline areas where traditional agriculture struggles", the FAO position paper commented.
Manini, the spirulina convention's secretary general, told IRIN that commercial production dominated the market and very little was produced for humanitarian purposes.
FAO recommended that governments and agencies re-evaluate spirulina in emergencies, especially "once other forms of food relief cease to be delivered".
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"It's as close as we will get to a miracle food," said Mahamat Sorto, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) officer managing the project. Aid agencies see the plant as a possible cheap solution to global malnutrition.
Health food stores in rich countries have promoted spirulina as an energy-enhancing supplement, but it has been eaten for centuries in various parts of the world.
The plant's dry weight contains up to 70 percent of protein matter, based on chemical analyses from the French Oil Institute, university research laboratories in Malaysia and Bangladesh, and the Siam Algae company, a Thai commercial group.
A 2008 FAO position paper on spirulina reads like a commercial brochure: "An easily digestible high (c. 60 percent) protein product with high levels of B-carotene, vitamin B12, iron and trace minerals, and the rare essential fatty acid y-linolenic acid [also called gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), or omega-6]".
FAO noted that spirulina cultivation had "a small environmental footprint" with low water needs, production could take place in salty conditions that would kill other crops, and there were no "obvious negative cultural or religious issues associated with its consumption".
One drawback. In Chad's northern Kanem region, spirulina grower Hereta Taher told IRIN that some people found the taste jarring. "It might seem bitter at first, but you get used to it."
So why is it not spilling out of market stalls, distributed in nutrition therapy centres instead of Plumpy'nut and feeding people in the planting season, when the previous harvest's food stocks have been depleted?
Photo: Phuong Tran/ IRIN  |
| Grower Hereta Taher |
The group was established by two international agreements recognized in the UN treaty series, and discounts sceptics who question the viability of spirulina as a large-scale emergency intervention in nutrition crises. "Nutritionists' [criticisms] are based mainly on peer-reviewed literature and not on practical expertise or field demonstrations," Manini told IRIN.
A review of seven studies on the impact of spirulina supplements on malnourished children, by researchers at the national hospital in Niamey, capital of Niger, was published in December 2008 in the French medical journal, Revue d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (Epidemiology Review and Public Health).
The review concluded that although spirulina had a positive impact on the children's weight, the studies were methodologically poor and had included too few people. The authors called for a larger "double-blind controlled clinical trial" - where neither the patients nor the researchers knew which patients were given spirulina - and longer follow-up period.
Chad
"It is a miracle," said Ousmane Issa Mara, village chief of Barkadressou in the north of Kanem region, pointing to the rain-fed oasis where spirulina typically grows. "It gives you energy. After eating spirulina cakes, our sub-prefect did not have any more health problems. It restores appetite to children who lose it." Barkadressou is one of 14 EU-funded sites growing spirulina near Lake Chad and in the Kanem region.
Almost one in five children measured by height, weight and arm circumference in November 2009 by Action Against Hunger, an NGO working in the region, were acutely malnourished. The governor, Djari Ngamai, told IRIN that conditions in northern Kanem, 300km north of Mao, the regional capital, were the most arid in the area.
"It is lamentable how dry and barren the area is. It borders the northern BET [Borkou, Ennedi, Tibesti] regions and shares the same agricultural conditions and difficulties."
|
Photo: Phuong Tran/IRIN |
| Algae friendly oasis in Kanem region in Chad |
Village chief Mara told IRIN that Barkadressou needed a motorised pump to boost irrigation because a drought in 2009 had halted the local spirulina cottage industry. Each family sold up to 100kg in the annual harvest and the income was critical.
Production
China and India are among the top commercial producers of spirulina, with China's production doubling from 19,000 tons in 2003 to 41,570 tons in 2004, according to FAO.
A lack of global production statistics suggests that spirulina "has not yet received the serious consideration it deserves as a potentially key crop in costal and alkaline areas where traditional agriculture struggles", the FAO position paper commented.
Manini, the spirulina convention's secretary general, told IRIN that commercial production dominated the market and very little was produced for humanitarian purposes.
FAO recommended that governments and agencies re-evaluate spirulina in emergencies, especially "once other forms of food relief cease to be delivered".
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This article was produced by IRIN News while it was part of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Please send queries on copyright or liability to the UN. For more information: https://shop.un.org/rights-permissions
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